In The Third Wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century (Norman and London, 1991), the book that derived from those lectures, Huntingdon used a procedural definition of democracy (p. 7): "A twentieth-century political system [is] democratic to the extent that its most powerful collective decision makers are selected through fair, honest, and periodic elections in which candidates freely compete for votes and in which virtually all the adult population is eligible to vote...[Democracy] also implies the existence of those civil and political freedoms to speak, publish, assemble, and organize that are necessary to political debate and the conduct of electoral campaigns."
Huntingdon's definition and description of the three waves of modern
democratization is only a part of a rich book, but a particularly useful
one. The chart below is adapted from one on pp. 14-15 of The
Third Wave. Note that it does not take into account
many events since early 1991, most especially the splitting of the Soviet
Union into its constituent republics. The terminology "democratized,"
"authoritarian," "reverted to authoritarianism" is my own; Huntingdon's
graphic presentation distinguishes between "democratic or semidemocratic
phases" or "Nondemocratic phases of previously democratic countries."
| Countries
in Category |
Number of Countries
in Category |
1828-1926 (long wave) |
1922-42 |
1942-62 |
1958-1962 |
1974- |
Reverse? (to 1991) |
| Category A
Australia Canada Finland Iceland Ireland New Zealand Sweden Switzerland U.K. U.S. |
|
|
|
Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
| Category B
Chile |
|
Democratized | Democratic | Democratic |
itarianism |
Democratized | Democratic |
| Category C
Austria Belgium Colombia Denmark France W. Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Norway |
|
Democratized |
itarianism |
|
Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
| Category D
Argentina Czechoslovakia Greece Hungary Uruguay |
|
Democratized |
Authori- tarianism |
Democratized |
tarianism |
Democratized | Democratic |
| Category E
East Germany Poland Portugal Spain |
|
Democratized |
Authori- tarianism |
|
Authoritarian | Democratized | Democratic |
| Category F
Estonia Latvia Lithuania |
|
Democratized |
Authori- tarianism |
(Huntingdon
eliminated these countries from his chart) |
|||
| Category G
Botswana Gambia Israel Jamaica Malaysia Malta Sri Lanka Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela |
|
wave and have remained democratic since |
Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | ||
| Category H
Bolivia Brazil Ecuador India South Korea Pakistan Peru Philippines Turkey |
|
Democratized |
Authori- tarianism |
Democratized | Democratic | ||
| Category I
Nigeria |
|
Democratized |
tarianism |
Democratized |
tarianism |
||
| Category J
Burma Fiji Ghana Guyana Indonesia Lebanon |
|
Democratized |
Authori- tarianism |
Authoritarian | Authoritarian | ||
| Category K
Bulgaria El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mongolia Namibia Nicaragua Panama Romania Senegal |
|
Democratized | Democratic | ||||
| Category L
Sudan Suriname |
|
Authori- tarianism |
Democratized |
Authori- tarianism |
|||
| Democratic Countries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Net Change |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Countries |
|